|
(詳細はketubah, a Jewish wedding document, created by and named after Talmudic scholar and Jewish Theological Seminary of America professor Saul Lieberman, that stipulates that divorce will be adjudicated by a modern Bet Din (rabbinic court) in order to prevent the problem of the agunah, a woman not allowed to remarry because she had never been granted a religious divorce. It was first introduced in the 1950s by rabbis in Judaism's Conservative movement. ==Background== According to Halakha (Jewish law) when a couple gets divorced it is the man who has to present the woman with a bill of divorce, called a ''get''. Without one the couple is still viewed as married, whether a civil divorce is obtained or not. In the past, if a woman was refused a divorce because a man would not give his wife a ''get'', the rabbis of the local Jewish community were authorized, under certain circumstances, to force the husband to do so (e.g., his refusal to be intimate with his wife as well as not giving the ''get'', or other such serious matters). However since the Haskalah, local Jewish communities lost their autonomous status, and were subsumed into the nation in which they existed. The Jewish community lost its civil powers to enforce marriage and divorce laws. The unintended result was that rabbis lost the power to force a man to give his wife a ''get'', and Jewish law does not allow a woman to give a ''get'' to the husband. Without a ''get'', a Jewish woman is forbidden to remarry and is therefore called an ''agunah'' (literally "an anchored woman"). For decades traditional voices within the Rabbinical Assembly counseled that Conservative Jews should take no unilateral action on this issue, and should wait for solutions from the Orthodox community, or joint action with the Orthodox community. While numerous solutions were offered, none were accepted. Eventually liberal voices within the Rabbinical Assembly won out, and the movement authorized unilateral action. Lieberman developed a clause to be added to the ketubah (Jewish wedding document). In effect, it was an arbitration agreement used in the case of a divorce; if the marriage dissolved and the woman was refused a ''get'' from her husband, both the husband and wife were to go to a rabbinic court authorized by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and heed their directives, which could (and usually did) include ordering a man to give his wife a ''get''. According to leaders of the Conservative movement, a meeting was held between the leaders of the Rabbinical Assembly (RA), representing the Conservative movement, and the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), the largest organization of Orthodox rabbis, in an effort to find agreement that the clause was valid from the standpoint of Jewish law, and would be included in both Orthodox and Conservative documents.〔(Meyer E. Rabinowitz (Chairman, Joint Bet Din of the Conservative Movement), ''Agunot (Abandoned Wives),'' 1998, adapted from his comments to the 1998 Agunot Conference, in Jerusalem. )〕 At the time this clause was proposed it has some support in the Modern Orthodox community, and Orthodox leader Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik gave this proposal his approval. However, the Orthodox movement never acted to include the clause, and eventually most Orthodox rabbis seem to have united in their rejection the clause as a violation of Jewish law. As a result, it has only been used for wedding documents and ceremonies in some (but not all) non-Orthodox denominations of Judaism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lieberman clause」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|